Fig. 9

The number of elaphostrongylosis cases in the period 2000–2019 diagnosed at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute by species (reindeer, goat, sheep). The diagnosis is based on the detection of histopathological changes and nematodes in the central nervous system combined with the presence of clinical signs. However the species of Elaphostrongylus involved was not further identified. We cannot rule out that some of the small ruminant cases in particular could potentially be caused by other brainworm species like E. cervi (from red deer) or E. alces (from moose) especially in areas where grazing does not overlap with reindeer