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Table 3 Back-transformed least square means (LS means) for rein tension in trot (logarithm transformation, in N) from multivariable modeling (data from 6 riders and 18 horses, n = 37,168 data points/368 normalised strides)

From: Stride-related rein tension patterns in walk and trot in the ridden horse

Variable

Category

LS mean 95 % CI

Group

Significant within-category

P value

Turn

Turn L

37 (27, 51)

<0.0001

c

   
 

Turn R

29 (22, 38)

  

b

  
 

BL

36 (26, 50)

 

c

b

  

Corner

Corner L

39 (28, 54)

0.0003

c

   
 

Corner R

34 (24, 48)

  

b

  
 

BL

29 (22, 38)

 

c

b

  

Lateral movements

Leg-yield L

28 (21, 37)

0.001

a

   
 

Leg-yield R

33 (23, 46)

  

a

  
 

Half-pass L

33 (23, 46)

     
 

Half-pass R

32 (22, 45)

   

b

 
 

Shoulder-in L

40 (28, 58)

    

b

 

Shoulder-in R

38 (27, 53)

     
 

BL

34 (24, 47)

 

a

a

b

b

Seat

Rising

28 (21, 39)

<0.0001

c

   
 

Sitting

40 (29, 54)

 

c

   

Lengthening

Lengthening

28 (22, 36)

0.01

a

   
 

BL

40 (27, 61)

 

a

   

Nose direction

In

32 (23, 43)

0.0001

b

   
 

Out

36 (26, 49)

 

b

   

Rein

Left

33 (25, 45)

0.01

a

   
 

Right

34 (25, 46)

 

a

   

Horse level

Advanced

45 (30, 68)

0.01

a

b

  
 

Medium

28 (20, 41)

 

a

   
 

Young horse

38 (26, 56)

   

b

 
 

Basic

26 (19, 37)

  

b

b

 
  1. The model also contained the fixed effects of stride percentage (P < 0.0001) and its interaction with rein (P < 0.0001). If pair-wise comparisons within a variable were associated with P < 0.0001 this is marked with ‘c’, if 0.01 < P ≥ 0.0001 then ‘b’ and if P < 0.01 then ‘a’, these letters are indicated in both categories. For lateral movements only comparisons to baseline (B) and within the same type of movements were performed (e.g. half-pass left (L) and right (R) were not significantly different and the comparison is therefore not shown)